Translation Problems within Different Language Systems: The Case of French, Uzbek, and Russian

This article examines theoretical and practical aspects of translation, analyzing its features, principles, and challenges. Translation serves as a communicative instrument facilitating cultural, social, and scholarly interaction. Core principles of translation theory include equivalence, adequacy, harmony of content and form, and functional correspondence as evaluative criteria. The translator’s professional competence, expertise, and cultural awareness are emphasized as key factors influencing translation quality.
Among the major translation challenges examined in the article are lexical and grammatical mismatches, the translation of realia and phraseological units, the preservation of national coloring, polysemy, and the transmission of culturally connotative meanings. These issues are analyzed in detail, with special emphasis on their specific manifestations in the translation of literary and scientific texts.
The article focuses on four principal functions of the art of translation: (1) identifying the specific features of translation in the French language; (2) outlining the historical development of translation theory and the fundamental rules governing translation practice; (3) revealing linguistic factors across different languages and their linguocultural characteristics in the translation process; and (4) ensuring semantic precision and stylistic balance in translation.
Furthermore, six major types of translation problems—lexical-semantic, grammatical, syntactic, rhetorical, pragmatic, and cultural—are examined. The analysis focuses on key linguistic factors, particularly stylistic patterns and phraseological units that lack full equivalents in other languages. The study also highlights the impact of linguistic worldviews on translation quality and emphasizes the need for translators, especially of literary texts, to possess in-depth knowledge of culture-specific customs and realia. Pragmatic, grammatical, and linguocultural issues are addressed in an integrated manner.
In conclusion, the article substantiates the view that the art of translation is not merely a process of interlingual mediation but a complex and multifaceted creative activity that ensures effective intercultural communication.